What the five heart rate zones represent
Heart rate zone models, commonly a five-zone scheme based on a percentage of maximum heart rate, divide training intensity into bands that loosely correspond to different physiological demands. Lower zones (1 and 2) sit below the first lactate threshold and emphasize fat oxidation and aerobic base building. Middle zones (3 and 4) move through the threshold region where lactate begins to accumulate. The top zone (5) covers near-maximal work that relies heavily on carbohydrate and cannot be sustained for long.
Each zone is associated with a training purpose, from easy recovery and aerobic development at the bottom to VO2 max and anaerobic stimulus at the top.
Why zone boundaries are approximate
Percentage-of-max formulas are estimates, and true physiological thresholds vary between individuals, so zones set by a generic formula can be off without lab or field testing. Heart rate also lags behind effort and drifts during long sessions, so it is an imperfect intensity gauge on its own.
This is general educational information about training intensity concepts, not personalized prescriptions. Estimating maximum heart rate by formula is rough, and anyone with cardiovascular concerns should consult a clinician before high-intensity training.