What each letter of PQRST stands for
The PQRST complex names the deflections of a single heartbeat on the ECG. The P wave is atrial depolarization. The QRS complex is ventricular depolarization, with Q the first downward deflection, R the tall upward spike, and S the downward deflection after it. The T wave is ventricular repolarization.
Atrial repolarization also occurs but is normally hidden within the much larger QRS complex.
Why the QRS dwarfs the P wave
The ventricles carry far more muscle mass than the atria, so their depolarization generates a much larger electrical signal, which is why the QRS is the tallest part of a normal trace. The brief flat segments and intervals between waves reflect conduction delays and recovery periods that allow the chambers to fill and contract in sequence.
Reading deviations in these waves is part of clinical diagnosis and should be done by a qualified professional. This is general educational information, not medical advice.