Following the cascade from brain to adrenal
This diagram emphasizes the HPA axis as a closed loop. The hypothalamus initiates the chain by secreting corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). CRH drives the pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol. Each step amplifies the signal as it descends.
The cascade is hierarchical: a small CRH signal can yield a much larger cortisol output, which lets the brain set the gain on the whole stress response from the top.
How cortisol closes its own circuit
The loop closes because cortisol feeds back on the levels above it. Rising cortisol inhibits further CRH release at the hypothalamus and further ACTH release at the pituitary. This negative feedback prevents overshoot and returns the system toward baseline once a stressor resolves.
When feedback is blunted, cortisol can stay elevated, which is part of why feedback testing features in clinical evaluation of the axis. This is general educational information, not medical advice; HPA axis testing should be interpreted by a qualified professional.