Living longer than expected becomes the risk
Longevity risk is the possibility of running out of money because you live longer than your plan assumed. A 65-year-old couple faces a 47% probability that at least one member will live to 95, a 25-year period far exceeding typical retirement planning horizons. This tail risk is asymmetrical: the cost of underestimating is catastrophic, while overestimating leaves unspent wealth.
Many retirees underestimate life expectancy when setting spending rates or portfolio allocation, leading to either excessive caution or under-provisioning. Healthcare and pharmaceutical advances continue pushing longevity expectations upward.
Planning for the long tail
The distribution is skewed: while average life expectancy for a 65-year-old male is around 84, some live to 100+. Conservative planning uses a planning horizon of 95 or 100 to capture a reasonable tail risk. Some advisors now recommend 100 or even 105 for affluent households.
Strategies to mitigate longevity risk include annuities (which pool the risk across many people), maintaining stock exposure for longer growth, or using flexible spending rules that adjust downward in weak market years.