What separates qualified from non-qualified dividends
In the United States, dividends are split into two tax categories. Qualified dividends are taxed at the lower long-term capital gains rates (0, 15, or 20 percent depending on income). Non-qualified, or ordinary, dividends are taxed at the investor's ordinary income tax rate, which is generally higher. To be qualified, a dividend must be paid by a U.S. corporation or a qualifying foreign corporation, and the investor must hold the stock for more than 60 days within the 121-day window around the ex-dividend date.
Dividends that fail the holding-period or issuer tests, including most distributions from REITs and many money market funds, are treated as non-qualified.
Why the distinction matters
The classification can meaningfully change after-tax income, especially for higher earners, since the gap between ordinary rates and capital gains rates can exceed ten percentage points. Brokerages report the breakdown on Form 1099-DIV. This is general information, not tax advice; rates and rules change and individual situations vary, so consult a tax professional.