Same average, catastrophically different outcomes
Sequence-of-returns risk reveals why the order of returns matters more than the average return. Two portfolios with identical 7% average annual returns can diverge wildly if one experiences losses early and gains late, while the other experiences gains early and losses late. The early-loss portfolio starts small and struggles to recover, while the early-gain portfolio has accumulated wealth that cushions later downturns.
This effect is most severe for retirees. A retiree withdrawing 4% annually from a portfolio has a very different outcome if the market crashes 30% in year one (the reduced balance must still fund withdrawals, compounding the damage) versus year 20 (the portfolio has decades to recover). The same 30% loss, experienced at different points in the distribution timeline, produces radically different final balances.
Mitigation through time and rebalancing
Investors with long time horizons (10+ years until spending) have natural immunity to sequence risk because they have time to recover from losses. Those approaching or in retirement face concentrated sequence risk. Strategies to mitigate include holding a 'safety bucket' of bonds or cash (reducing the need to sell stocks after crashes), maintaining diversification (different asset classes have different crash cycles), and dynamically adjusting spending in down markets (a discretionary approach rather than mechanical withdrawal).