Temperament emerges early and is heritable
Temperament refers to the observable behavioral and emotional patterns present early in life. A newborn displays calming or reactivity, regularity or unpredictability, approach or withdrawal. These baseline traits show stability across childhood and moderate heritability, suggesting biological underpinnings.
Classic temperament categories include easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up children. A difficult-temperament child cries frequently, adjusts slowly to change, and responds intensely to stimulation. These patterns appear in the first months of life before learning or parenting philosophies have much influence.
Character develops through reflection and choice
Character encompasses the values, principles, and habits someone develops through living, reflecting, and deciding. It emerges from conscious effort and moral reasoning. A naturally impulsive person (temperament) can develop self-discipline (character). A person born reserved can cultivate courage through repeated chosen action.
Environment, mentorship, culture, and deliberate practice shape character significantly. Someone with a difficult temperament is not destined to be difficult as an adult; they can learn emotional regulation and perspective-taking. The most accurate view is that temperament sets starting conditions while character represents what someone builds from there through choices and practice.