Why longer wavelengths reach deeper
How far light travels into tissue depends mainly on how strongly skin components absorb and scatter it. Shorter wavelengths scatter more and are absorbed heavily by melanin and hemoglobin, so ultraviolet light is largely stopped within the epidermis. Visible red light around 630 to 700 nanometers reaches into the dermis.
Near-infrared light, roughly 800 to 1100 nanometers, sits in a relative optical window where absorption by water and pigments is lower, so it can penetrate further toward subcutaneous tissue. Exact depths vary with skin tone, hydration, and the body site.
Reading the depth bands with realistic expectations
Penetration depth is usually defined as the point where intensity drops to a fraction of the surface value, not a hard cutoff, so some photons go deeper while the useful dose falls off quickly. Claims that a given device delivers light to muscle or bone should be read as the wavelength reaching those regions at greatly reduced intensity.
This diagram describes optical physics, not treatment outcomes. Penetration is a separate question from clinical benefit. This is general educational information, not medical advice; consult a qualified professional regarding any light-based therapy.